NOTES 4/8/13

1. Heterogeneous - different people, cultures, etc.
2. Immigrant - legal aliens that move to another country.
3. Reservation - public land given to Native Americans by the Government.
4. Refugee - immigrants who move for protection purposes.
5. Assimilation - adapting to another culture.
6. The population is primarily white, has been throughout history.
7. Immigrants have arrived in record numbers since the 1960's.
8. Populations that have grown: Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans.
9. Minority population that exceeds white population; California, Hawaii, New Mexico, and Texas.
10. More females than males in the U.S.
AFRICAN AMERICANS
11. African Americans have always been treated wrong for much longer than other ethnicity.
12. African American population consists of 14 percent of America.
13. Most gains have been on the behalf of African Americans.
NATIVE AMERICANS
14. Nearly a million Native Americans lived on American territory, by 1900 the number was 25,000.
15. American Settlers brought diseases that hurt the Indian population.
16. Poverty , joblessness, and alcoholism plague reservations.
17. The Indian Education Act of 1972 attempted to fix the lives of Native Americans but is not that successful. They die younger than any other ethnicity.
HISPANICS
18. Have a Spanish speaking backgrounds.
19. Largest minority groups 50 million in the U.S.
20. Mexican Americans, Puerto Rican, Cuban Amercans
ASIAN AMERICANS
21. Chinese laborers were the first asians in America.
22. During WW2 Japanese were evacuated to the pacific coast, even native born.
23. Congress admitted it was wrong and unjust.
WOMEN
24. Women were treated unfairly education, property rights, employment opportunity.
25. It is illegal to pay women less than men.

In the 1870's - 1950's: no meaningful legislation passed in regards to civil rights.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made changes in the following:
- Voting provisions
- Public services
- Federal funding programs could not discriminate.
- Employers and labor unions also could not discriminate.
"Open Housing Act" - cannot refuse selling/ rent living space to a person of a certain race, ethnicity or religion.
- Forbids discrimination on the basis of gender in any educational program or program regarding financial assistance.
 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
- Requires employers to take positive steps to fix the affects of past discrimination.
- Employers must meet quotas for minority groups/genders.
"color blind"
California, Washington, Michigan, and Nebraska voters passed measures to eliminate all affirmative action plans.
- Bakke Case:
Allan Bakke sued the University of California because he was denied access to their medical school due to his race or something I didn't catch that part.
- Justice Sandra Day O' Connor predicts in 25 years, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary.

An American citizen is a person that swears allegiance to the US and is entitled to its protection.
The 14th amendment was the first constitutional definition.
90 percent of Americans are citizens by birth.
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 1898: He won the case because he as born in America.
Naturalization - legal process by which someone becomes an American citizen and born in another country.
Collective Naturalization - (en masse) entire groups granted citizenship.
Every American has the right to abandon their citizenship. (Expatriation)
It is unconstitutional for congress to take away a person's citizenship based on something they have done.
Naturalized citizenship CAN lose citizenship trough denaturalization.  
Marriage does not make a person a citizen.
Congress has sole power on who leaves and enters the country.
Immigration Act of 1965 - did away with the quota system
Immigration Act of 1990 governs admission of aliens in the U.S. This act now allows 675,00 immigrants in the U.S. Immediate family members.
Some people are denied entrance based on their characteristics: criminals, mentally ill who might cause harm.
Deportation - legal process by which aliens are required to leave the country. = illegal immigration, conviction of a serious crime.